Opportunities for bio-analysis in WFD chemical monitoring using bioassays

Chapter 2 provides a general description of the requirements imposed by the WFD, focussing especially on chemical monitoring. Chapter 3 gives a description of the mechanisms of toxic action and the sensitivity of the bio-analyses used in our study. It describes and discusses the bio-analysis of an artificial sample composed of priority pollutants at WFD maximum permissible levels. Chapter 4 describes the use of bio-analysis in field-derived samples of surface water, suspended matter and wastewater. This chapter also describes the EDA technique for identifying unknown compounds and compound groups. Finally, chapter 5 illustrates various opportunities for the possible use of bio-analysis in WFD chemical monitoring and details the advantages and disadvantages of an integrated monitoring strategy.